a ↔ а/a/
- Type
- vowel
- Unicode
- LAT U+0061 · CYR а U+0430
- Sounds approximately like
- Open a, roughly the vowel in father; keep it a single pure vowel.
Writing reference
Alphabet & orthography
Canonical Latin and Cyrillic writing, IPA values, Unicode code points and non-normative pronunciation help for readers who do not use IPA every day.
Canonical alphabet
Rows are generated from the active alphabet data. IPA is authoritative; the pronunciation column is only an approximate reading aid.
Alphabet order
| LAT | CYR | IPA | Type | Unicode | Sounds approximately like |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| a | а | /a/ | vowel | LAT U+0061CYR а U+0430 | Open a, roughly the vowel in father; keep it a single pure vowel. |
| e | е | /e/ | vowel | LAT U+0065CYR е U+0435 | A pure e/eh vowel without an English-style glide. |
| æ | э | /ɛ/ | vowel | LAT U+00E6CYR э U+044D | Approximately e in bed. |
| i | и | /i/ | vowel | LAT U+0069CYR и U+0438 | ee in machine. |
| o | о | /o/ | vowel | LAT U+006FCYR о U+043E | A pure o vowel; avoid the usual English oʊ glide. |
| u | у | /u/ | vowel | LAT U+0075CYR у U+0443 | oo in food. |
| b | б | /b/ | consonant | LAT U+0062CYR б U+0431 | b in bed. |
| d | д | /d/ | consonant | LAT U+0064CYR д U+0434 | d in dog. |
| f | ф | /f/ | consonant | LAT U+0066CYR ф U+0444 | f in fine. |
| g | г | /g/ | consonant | LAT U+0067CYR г U+0433 | hard g in go. |
| h | х | /x ~ h/ | consonant | LAT U+0068CYR х U+0445 | The canonical range is /x ~ h/: from a kh-like fricative to a lighter h. |
| j | ж / дж | /ʒ ~ dʒ/ | consonant | LAT U+006ACYR ж U+0436 / дж U+0434 U+0436 | The sound in measure /ʒ/ or jam /dʒ/, according to the lexical form. |
| k | к | /k/ | consonant | LAT U+006BCYR к U+043A | k in skin. |
| l | л | /l/ | consonant | LAT U+006CCYR л U+043B | clear l. |
| m | м | /m/ | consonant | LAT U+006DCYR м U+043C | m in map. |
| n | н | /n/ | consonant | LAT U+006ECYR н U+043D | n in name. |
| p | п | /p/ | consonant | LAT U+0070CYR п U+043F | p in spin. |
| r | р | /r/ | consonant | LAT U+0072CYR р U+0440 | Rolled or trilled r, not the ordinary English r. |
| s | с | /s/ | consonant | LAT U+0073CYR с U+0441 | s in see. |
| t | т | /t/ | consonant | LAT U+0074CYR т U+0442 | A clean t sound. |
| v | в | /v/ | consonant | LAT U+0076CYR в U+0432 | v in voice. |
| z | з | /z/ | consonant | LAT U+007ACYR з U+0437 | z in zoo. |
| y | й | /j/ | consonant | LAT U+0079CYR й U+0439 | consonantal y in yes. |
| š | ш | /ʃ/ | consonant | LAT U+0161CYR ш U+0448 | sh in ship. |
| ś | щ | /ɕː/ | consonant | LAT U+015BCYR щ U+0449 | A long soft sh-like sound; canonical IPA /ɕː/. |
| č | ч | /tɕ/ | consonant | LAT U+010DCYR ч U+0447 | A soft ch-like affricate; canonical IPA /tɕ/. |
e ↔ е/e/
- Type
- vowel
- Unicode
- LAT U+0065 · CYR е U+0435
- Sounds approximately like
- A pure e/eh vowel without an English-style glide.
æ ↔ э/ɛ/
- Type
- vowel
- Unicode
- LAT U+00E6 · CYR э U+044D
- Sounds approximately like
- Approximately e in bed.
i ↔ и/i/
- Type
- vowel
- Unicode
- LAT U+0069 · CYR и U+0438
- Sounds approximately like
- ee in machine.
o ↔ о/o/
- Type
- vowel
- Unicode
- LAT U+006F · CYR о U+043E
- Sounds approximately like
- A pure o vowel; avoid the usual English oʊ glide.
u ↔ у/u/
- Type
- vowel
- Unicode
- LAT U+0075 · CYR у U+0443
- Sounds approximately like
- oo in food.
b ↔ б/b/
- Type
- consonant
- Unicode
- LAT U+0062 · CYR б U+0431
- Sounds approximately like
- b in bed.
d ↔ д/d/
- Type
- consonant
- Unicode
- LAT U+0064 · CYR д U+0434
- Sounds approximately like
- d in dog.
f ↔ ф/f/
- Type
- consonant
- Unicode
- LAT U+0066 · CYR ф U+0444
- Sounds approximately like
- f in fine.
g ↔ г/g/
- Type
- consonant
- Unicode
- LAT U+0067 · CYR г U+0433
- Sounds approximately like
- hard g in go.
h ↔ х/x ~ h/
- Type
- consonant
- Unicode
- LAT U+0068 · CYR х U+0445
- Sounds approximately like
- The canonical range is /x ~ h/: from a kh-like fricative to a lighter h.
j ↔ ж / дж/ʒ ~ dʒ/
- Type
- consonant
- Unicode
- LAT U+006A · CYR ж U+0436 / дж U+0434 U+0436
- Sounds approximately like
- The sound in measure /ʒ/ or jam /dʒ/, according to the lexical form.
k ↔ к/k/
- Type
- consonant
- Unicode
- LAT U+006B · CYR к U+043A
- Sounds approximately like
- k in skin.
l ↔ л/l/
- Type
- consonant
- Unicode
- LAT U+006C · CYR л U+043B
- Sounds approximately like
- clear l.
m ↔ м/m/
- Type
- consonant
- Unicode
- LAT U+006D · CYR м U+043C
- Sounds approximately like
- m in map.
n ↔ н/n/
- Type
- consonant
- Unicode
- LAT U+006E · CYR н U+043D
- Sounds approximately like
- n in name.
p ↔ п/p/
- Type
- consonant
- Unicode
- LAT U+0070 · CYR п U+043F
- Sounds approximately like
- p in spin.
r ↔ р/r/
- Type
- consonant
- Unicode
- LAT U+0072 · CYR р U+0440
- Sounds approximately like
- Rolled or trilled r, not the ordinary English r.
s ↔ с/s/
- Type
- consonant
- Unicode
- LAT U+0073 · CYR с U+0441
- Sounds approximately like
- s in see.
t ↔ т/t/
- Type
- consonant
- Unicode
- LAT U+0074 · CYR т U+0442
- Sounds approximately like
- A clean t sound.
v ↔ в/v/
- Type
- consonant
- Unicode
- LAT U+0076 · CYR в U+0432
- Sounds approximately like
- v in voice.
z ↔ з/z/
- Type
- consonant
- Unicode
- LAT U+007A · CYR з U+0437
- Sounds approximately like
- z in zoo.
y ↔ й/j/
- Type
- consonant
- Unicode
- LAT U+0079 · CYR й U+0439
- Sounds approximately like
- consonantal y in yes.
š ↔ ш/ʃ/
- Type
- consonant
- Unicode
- LAT U+0161 · CYR ш U+0448
- Sounds approximately like
- sh in ship.
ś ↔ щ/ɕː/
- Type
- consonant
- Unicode
- LAT U+015B · CYR щ U+0449
- Sounds approximately like
- A long soft sh-like sound; canonical IPA /ɕː/.
č ↔ ч/tɕ/
- Type
- consonant
- Unicode
- LAT U+010D · CYR ч U+0447
- Sounds approximately like
- A soft ch-like affricate; canonical IPA /tɕ/.
Pronunciation hints are non-normative approximations. Follow the canonical IPA when precision matters.
Why j is not a blind one-to-one conversion
Canonical LAT j covers the phoneme range /ʒ ~ dʒ/ and may correspond to Cyrillic ж or дж. Canonical Cyrillic output therefore follows the explicit lexical surface where required; do not invent a deterministic character-only conversion rule.
LAT j · CYR ж / дж · IPA /ʒ ~ dʒ/Orthography rules
LAT ↔ CYR ↔ IPA
Unicode normalization
Canonical Latin and Cyrillic output uses NFC normalization.
LAT NFC · CYR NFCCanonical Latin is not ASCII transliteration
Do not replace æ, š, ś or č with ae, sh, shch or ch in canonical output.
do-not-replace-æ-š-ś-č-with-ae-sh-shch-chInput alias
§ may be accepted as an input alias for æ where the active contract permits it. Canonical output remains æ.
§ → æForbidden Latin letters
c and w are outside the active canonical Latin alphabet.
c · wCyrillic boundary
The soft sign ь is outside the active canonical alphabet.
ь · ЬPalatalization marker
The apostrophe ' is a modifier, not an alphabet letter. The active contract uses the literal U+0027 character.
' · U+0027 · modifier-not-letterSequences, not letters
ay, ey, ya, ye, yo and yu are sequences; they are not additional single alphabet letters.
ay · ey · ya · ye · yo · yuMixed-script tokens
A single Ganjaedi token may not mix Latin and Cyrillic code points. For example, muzик is invalid.
invalidStress
Root stress is on the first syllable; suffixes do not move root stress; in compounds each root keeps initial stress under the active contract.
first-syllable · suffixMovesRootStress=false · each-root-keeps-initial-stress